Subversi Ruang Domestik Yael dalam Hakim-Hakim 4:17–21 Rekonstruksi Peran dan Agensi Perempuan Kristen
Abstrak
This study aims to deconstruct sociocultural gender biases that frequently domesticate women passively by executing a material exegesis analysis on Jael's narrative in Judges 4:17–21. Utilizing a grammatical-historical exegesis and narrative analysis approach, this research dissects four primary domestic instruments employed in the text: ’ōhel (tent), ḥālāb (milk), yātēd (tent peg), and maqqeḇeṯ (mallet). The philological and syntactical findings reveal that the Masoretic text deliberately demonstrates a radical space subversion and motoric agency. Jael successfully shifted the epicenter of political warfare from the masculine open battlefield to a female private space, while simultaneously subverting the function of everyday domestic objects into instruments of divine justice. Contextually, this study offers a theological contribution to the reconstruction of modern Christian women's roles in Indonesia by dismantling the hierarchical dichotomy between public and domestic spheres. The domestic realm has been proven to hold equal strategic value before God, demonstrating that everyday activities can be used by divine sovereignty as agents of inclusive and far-reaching social transformation.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendekonstruksi bias gender sosiokultural yang sering mendomestikasi peran perempuan secara pasif melalui analisis eksegesis material terhadap narasi Yael dalam Hakim-hakim 4:17–21. Melalui pendekatan eksegesis gramatikal-historis dan analisis naratif, penelitian ini membedah empat instrumen domestik utama yang digunakan dalam teks, yaitu ’ōhel (tenda), ḥālāb (susu), yātēd (patok tenda), dan maqqeḇeṯ (palu). Hasil analisis filologis dan sintaktikal menunjukkan bahwa teks Masoret secara sengaja memperlihatkan subversi ruang dan agensi motorik yang radikal. Yael berhasil mengalihkan episentrum pertempuran politik dari medan perang terbuka yang maskulin ke ruang privat perempuan, sekaligus membalikkan fungsi objek-objek sehari-hari menjadi instrumen penegakan keadilan ilahi. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi teologis secara kontekstual bagi rekonstruksi peran perempuan Kristen modern di Indonesia dengan meruntuhkan dikotomi hierarkis antara ruang publik dan ruang domestik. Ranah domestik dibuktikan memiliki nilai strategis yang setara di hadapan Allah, sehingga aktivitas keseharian yang fungsional dapat dimanfaatkan oleh kedaulatan Allah sebagai agen transformasi sosial yang inklusif dan berdampak luas.
Artikel teks lengkap
Referensi
Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
Assis, Elie. "Man, Woman and God in Judges 4." Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 20, no. 1 (2006): 110–124.
Bar-Efrat, Shimon. Narrative Art in the Bible. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 70. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1989.
Block, Daniel I. Judges, Ruth. Vol. 6, The New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1999.
Brown, Francis, S.R. Driver, dan Charles A. Briggs. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1996.
Butler, Trent C. Judges. Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 8. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2009.
Claassens, L. Juliana. "Resisting the Empire from the Margins: Jael, Deborah, and Postcolonial Feminist Hermeneutics." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 35, no. 1 (2019): 23–39.
Fewell, Danna Nolan, dan David M. Gunn. "Controlling Perspectives: Women, Men, and the Authority of Violence in Judges 4 and 5." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 15, no. 49 (1990): 389–411.
Frymer-Kensky, Tikva. Reading the Women of the Bible: A New Interpretation of Their Stories. New York: Schocken Books, 2018.
Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Diedit oleh E. Kautzsch. Diterjemahkan oleh A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910.
Handayani, Christina, dan Aris Widodo. "Negosiasi Agensi Perempuan dalam Struktur Gereja Patriarkal di Indonesia." Jurnal Teologi Veritas 21, no. 2 (2022): 145–162.
Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer Jr., dan Bruce K. Waltke. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1980.
Katoppo, Marianne. Compassionate Compass: Women's Theology in Asian Context. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1980.
Koehler, Ludwig, dan Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament [HALOT]. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000.
Kwok, Pui-lan. Postcolonial Imagination and Feminist Theology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005.
Malamat, Abraham. "The Danite Migration and the Pan-Israelite Exodus-Conquest: A Biblical Narrative vs. a Historical Reconstruction." Biblica 51, no. 1 (1970): 1–16.
Matthews, Victor H. "Hospitality and Hostility in Genesis 19 and Judges 19." Biblical Theology Bulletin 22, no. 1 (1992): 4–11.
Meyers, Carol. Rediscovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Mohammad, Ahlan. The Nomadic Women of the Near East. Amman: Al-Kutub Press, 2015.
Natar, Asnat. "Perempuan, Budaya Patriarki, dan Tantangan Teologisnya di Indonesia." Jurnal Teologi Gema 39, no. 1 (2015): 45–58.
Natar, Asnat. "Perempuan, Kepemimpinan, dan Teks Alkitab: Membaca Ulang Narasi Hakim-Hakim Dari Perspektif Feminis Kontekstual." Gema Teologi: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual 42, no. 1 (2018): 45–60.
Niccacci, Alviero. The Syntax of the Verb in Classical Hebrew Prose. Diterjemahkan oleh W. G. E. Watson. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990.
Niditch, Susan. War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study in the Ethics of Violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Ririmasse, Margaretha R. "Perempuan dan Kepemimpinan di Gereja: Sebuah Gugatan Teologis." Jurnal Teologi Gema 35, no. 2 (2011): 112–125.
Russell, Letty M. Human Liberation in a Feminist Perspective: A Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1974.
Siahaan, Ruth E. "Dekonstruksi Dikotomi Publik-Domestik: Reinterpretasi Peran Kepemimpinan Perempuan Kristen Kontekstual." Gema Teologi: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual 45, no. 1 (2021): 75–90.
Stone, Ken. "Food, Gender, and Violence in the Book of Judges: A Materialist Reading." Biblical Interpretation 28, no. 3 (2020): 285–304.
Stott, John. Between Two Worlds: The Challenge of Preaching Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Stuart, Douglas. Old Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and Pastors. Ed. ke-5. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2022.
Trible, Phyllis. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978.
Volf, Miroslav. Work in the Spirit: Toward a Theology of Work. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001.
Waltke, Bruce K., dan M. O'Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
Wijaya, Yahya. "Vokasi dan Spiritualitas Kerja: Integrasi Iman dalam Ranah Keseharian." Jurnal Ledalero 19, no. 2 (2020): 210–225.
Wright, Jacob L. War, Memory, and National Identity in the Hebrew Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Yee, Gale A. "By the Hand of a Woman: The Metaphor of the Aggressive Woman in Judges 4 and 5." Semeia 61 (1993): 99–132.
Penulis
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.