Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
type: channel
description: Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo adalah jurnal ilmiah (peer-review) yang memublikasi hasil riset di bidang keilmuan Teologi Kristen. Gracia Deo diterbitkan oleh Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Baptis, Jakarta, dengan ISSN 2655-6863 (Online). Jurnal ini terbit dua kali dalam setahun, yaitu pada bulan Januari dan Juli. Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo telah terakreditasi SINTA 3 oleh Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 10/C/C3/DT.05.00/2025.
publisher: Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Baptis, Jakarta
language: en
publication name: Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
issn: 2655-6871
items: Resiliensi Spiritual Remaja di Era Kecemasan: Pengembangan Model Pembinaan Iman Berbasis ROOTED
items: Pembentukan Moral di Era Pascakebenaran: Tantangan Epistemik bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
items: Stewardship Ekologis
items: Ekonomi Kerajaan Allah: Eksegesis 1 Timotius 6:6–10 dan Praktik Ekonomi Komunitas Gereja Perdana untuk Keadilan Distributif Kontemporer
items: Gereja dan Kohesi Sosial: Eklesiologi Profetik dalam Masyarakat Plural dan Terpolarisasi
items: Model Pastoral Konseling dalam Menangani Trauma Korban Kekerasan Seksual di Gereja-gereja Lokal
items: Tepa Selira sebagai Hermeneutika Perjumpaan: Etika Harmoni Jawa dalam Teologi Persahabatan Lintas Iman
items: Teologi Penghakiman yang Tertunda: Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11, Kesabaran Allah, dan Implikasinya bagi Eklesiologi Kontemporer
items: Paradigma Pedagogi Missio Dei: Rekonstruksi Teologi Misi bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
items: Pengampunan sebagai Gaya Hidup Komunal Kristosentris
items: Dialektika Virtualitas dan Spiritualitas
items: Tubuh yang Diselamatkan
items: Ekopedagogi Kristen Berbasis Metafora Tubuh Allah
items: Keselamatan dan Kekekalan Pernikahan
items: Beyond Evangelism
items: Reorientasi Eksistensi Manusia dalam Terang Missio Dei bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
items: Pedagogi Radikal untuk Pendidikan di Tanah Papua: Kajian Hermeneutik terhadap Matius 15:21-28 dalam Perspektif Etika Tanggung Jawab Lévinas
items: PPOS GBKP dan Spiritualitas Wounded Healer: Pelayanan Lansia dalam Perspektif Sistem Sosial
items: Pendekatan Pembelajaran Guru Sekolah Minggu Berbasis Inner Touch
items: Kepemimpinan Kristen dalam Mempertahankan Ketajaman Analisis terhadap Dampak Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence pada Pendidikan Agama Kristen
items: Triperpsektif Frame sebagai Doktrin Iman dalam Pendidikan Kristiani
items: Menggagas Ulang Peran Gembala dalam Gereja Digital: Kepemimpinan Pelayanan dan Misi di Era Teknologi
items: Kepemimpinan Kristen, Krisis Kebenaran, Peran Gereja Membangun Spiritualitas di Era Post-Truth
items: Manajemen Pelayanan Misi Kontemporer Berdasarkan Lukas 10:1-12 dan 17-20
items: Suara dari Tepi: Hermeneutika gēr, yātôm, dan almānāh dalam Kitab Ulangan untuk Eklesiologi Inklusif
items: Dinamika Keluarga dan Perkembangan Emosional Anak
items: Paradigma Keadilan Sosial
items: Kecerdasan Buatan dan Disrupsi Otoritas Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen
items: Sintesis Mesianologi Yahudi dan Kristologi sebagai Evaluasi terhadap Pandangan Kristologi Kontemporer
items: Kasih Allah yang Menyelamatkan dalam Keadilan-Nya: Roma 5:8 dalam Bingkai Teologi Kovenan

Resiliensi Spiritual Remaja di Era Kecemasan: Pengembangan Model Pembinaan Iman Berbasis ROOTED
type: item
description: Adolescents of the digital generation are growing up in an "age of anxiety" marked by rising rates of anxiety and depression, while their faith is often too shallow to sustain resilience. This article aims to develop a model of faith formation that cultivates spiritual resilience among adolescents in Christian religious education (PAK). Employing a conceptual-critical method that brings the psychology of resilience into dialogue with theology, this study contextualizes the ROOTED model, originally formulated by the author for pastoral resilience, within the domain of adolescent faith formation. The article argues that spiritual resilience is not merely coping or immunity to pressure, but rather a rootedness in God that enables adaptive endurance, with consequential and generative faith as its prerequisite. The six components of this model are perichoretically interrelated, namely, rooted in Christ, oriented toward hope, open to woundedness, tending the body, enduring in community, and doxological. These components are developed for the adolescent context and operationalized within PAK praxis, with the affirmation that this model complements rather than replaces professional mental health services. The article's contribution is a theologically anchored integrative framework for resilience-forming Christian religious education. Abstrak Remaja generasi digital bertumbuh dalam "era kecemasan" yang ditandai oleh meningkatnya angka kecemasan dan depresi, sementara iman mereka kerap terlalu dangkal untuk menopang resiliensi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pembinaan iman yang menumbuhkan resiliensi spiritual pada remaja dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK). Dengan menggunakan metode konseptual-kritis yang mendialogkan psikologi resiliensi dengan teologi, kajian ini mengontekstualisasikan model ROOTED yang semula penulis rumuskan untuk resiliensi pastoral ke dalam pembinaan iman remaja. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa resiliensi spiritual bukanlah sekadar kopin…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adolescents; anxiety; Christian religious education; faith formation; spiritual resilience; anak remaja; kecemasan; pembentukan iman; pendidikan agama Kristen; ketahanan spiritual
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Sihombing
creator: Jakson Sespa Toisuta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 190
ending page: 200
doi: 10.46929/6adqmh03

Pembentukan Moral di Era Pascakebenaran: Tantangan Epistemik bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
type: item
description: The post-truth era, in which appeals to emotion and personal belief outweigh objective facts, poses a challenge that is not merely informational but epistemic and moral. This article aims to analyze why the post-truth condition specifically threatens moral formation in Christian education (CE) and to propose a theologically grounded response. Employing a critical-conceptual study of recent theological, philosophical, and educational literature, the research argues that moral formation presupposes a commitment to truth; therefore, subordinating truth to preference, emotion, and tribal identity corrodes the very ground on which CE forms persons. Four concrete epistemic challenges are mapped: the erosion of epistemic trust, confirmation bias and echo chambers, the temptation of anti-intellectual fideism, and the teacher-competence gap. As a way forward, the article proposes cultivating intellectual and moral virtues within a community of truthful practice, anchored in a theological epistemology of “proper confidence.” Its contribution is a virtue-based framework for post-truth-resilient moral formation in CE. Abstrak Era pascakebenaran, ketika seruan kepada emosi dan keyakinan pribadi mengungguli fakta objektif, menghadirkan tantangan yang bukan sekadar informasional, melainkan epistemik dan moral. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mengapa kondisi pascakebenaran secara khusus mengancam pembentukan moral dalam pendidikan Kristiani (PK) serta mengusulkan respons yang berpijak pada landasan teologis. Menggunakan metode kajian konseptual-kritis atas literatur teologi, filsafat, dan pendidikan mutakhir, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa pembentukan moral mengandaikan komitmen pada kebenaran; karena itu, penundukan kebenaran kepada preferensi, emosi, dan identitas kesukuan menggerus dasar tempat PK membentuk pribadi. Empat tantangan epistemik konkret dipetakan: erosi kepercayaan epistemik, bias konfirmasi dan ruang gema, godaan fideisme anti-intelektual, serta kesenjang…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Christian religious education; intellectual virtues; moral formation; post-truth; theological epistemology; epistemologi teologis, keutamaan intelektual, pascakebenaran, pembentukan moral, Pendidikan Kristiani
creator: Satria Evans Umboh
creator: Benyamin Pintakhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 414
ending page: 423
doi: 10.46929/1hvra288

Stewardship Ekologis
type: item
description: This article analyzes ecological stewardship as a theological framework for developing a sustainable environmental ethic by fundamentally reconstructing theological anthropology. By integrating the patristic theological tradition and contemporary eco-theology, this article argues that the imago Dei is not only a privilege but also a moral responsibility in the stewardship of the environment. The contemporary ecological crisis is understood as the result of an anthropological distortion that alienates humans from nature and frames human dominion as exploitation rather than responsibility. This article develops the concept of ecological stewardship through four dimensions: theological (God’s acts of creation and redemption), cosmological (the integration of humanity and creation), ethical (principles of justice and sustainability), and practical (concrete implementation in community life). Through connections with creation theology, eschatological theology, and principles of distributive justice, this article offers a framework for societal transformation toward a sustainable future that prioritizes ecological integrity, social justice, and the dignity of all creatures. Abstrak Artikel ini menganalisis stewardship ekologis sebagai kerangka teologis untuk membangun etika lingkungan yang berkelanjutan melalui rekonstruksi fundamental antropologi teologis. Dengan mengintegrasikan tradisi teologis patristik dan ekoteologi kontemporer, artikel ini mengajukan bahwa imago Dei bukan hanya hak istimewa, tetapi juga tanggung jawab moral dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Krisis ekologis kontemporer dipahami sebagai hasil distorsi antropologis yang mengasingkan manusia dari alam dan menempatkan human dominion sebagai eksploitasi, bukan sebagai tanggung jawab. Artikel ini mengembangkan konsep stewardship ekologis melalui empat dimensi: teologis (tindakan penciptaan dan penebusan Allah), kosmologis (integrasi antara manusia dan ciptaan), etis (prinsip-prinsip keadilan dan keberlanjutan…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ecological stewardship, environmental ethics, imago Dei, sustainability, theological anthropology, antropologi teologis, etika lingkungan, stewardship ekologis
  topic: keywords
creator: Tri Untoro
creator: Marianus Patora
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 140
ending page: 156
doi: 10.46929/z6t7sk26

Ekonomi Kerajaan Allah: Eksegesis 1 Timotius 6:6–10 dan Praktik Ekonomi Komunitas Gereja Perdana untuk Keadilan Distributif Kontemporer
type: item
description: This article examines the concept of the "economy of the Kingdom of God" through an exegesis of 1 Timothy 6:6–10 and the economic practices of the early church community, using them as a theological foundation for contemporary distributive justice. Employing a historical-grammatical exegetical approach combined with socio-historical analysis, this study identifies the meaning of αὐτάρκεια (autarkeia) as theological sufficiency distinct from Stoic idealism and explores how the early Christian community structurally practiced economic redistribution. Findings indicate that the text offers not merely an individual moral warning but an alternative economic architecture grounded in koinonia. Practical implications for the contemporary Indonesian church include developing models of structural diakonia, transparent congregational financial governance, and church engagement in social justice advocacy. This study fills a gap in the literature by integrating exegesis of the Pastoral Epistles with the contextual economics of the Indonesian church. Abstrak Artikel ini mengkaji konsep "ekonomi Kerajaan Allah" melalui eksegesis 1 Timotius 6:6–10 dan praktik ekonomi komunitas gereja perdana sebagai dasar teologis bagi keadilan distributif kontemporer. Menggunakan pendekatan eksegesis historis-gramatikal dan analisis sosio-historis, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi makna αὐτάρκεια (autarkeia) sebagai kecukupan teologis yang berbeda dari idealisme Stoa, serta mengeksplorasi bagaimana komunitas Kristen mula-mula mempraktikkan redistribusi ekonomi secara struktural. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa teks ini tidak sekadar memberikan peringatan moral individual, melainkan menawarkan arsitektur ekonomi alternatif berbasis koinonia. Implikasi praktis bagi gereja Indonesia kontemporer mencakup pengembangan model diakonia struktural, pengelolaan keuangan jemaat yang transparan, serta keterlibatan gereja dalam advokasi keadilan sosial. Penelitian ini mengisi kesenjangan literatur yang jarang menginte…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 1 Timothy 6:6–10; autarkeia; distributive justice; early church; economy of God's kingdom; 1 Timotius 6:6–10; autarkeia; ekonomi kerajaan Allah; gereja perdana; keadilan distributif
  topic: keywords
creator: Veronika A. Naibaho
creator: Johannis Siahaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 178
ending page: 188
doi: 10.46929/b32zv655

Gereja dan Kohesi Sosial: Eklesiologi Profetik dalam Masyarakat Plural dan Terpolarisasi
type: item
description: This article analyzes the role of the church as a catalyst for social cohesion through prophetic ecclesiology in a pluralistic, polarized society. The study employs a qualitative approach through a literature review that integrates systematic theology and contemporary social analysis. The results of the study show that a holistic soteriology that integrates spiritual and social dimensions is the foundation of prophetic ecclesiology. Social fragmentation is understood as a manifestation of ruptura communionis, which demands a serious theological response. Prophesy-based ecclesiology is formulated through five constitutive characteristics: prophetic criticism, solidarity with the oppressed, constructive vision formulation, intergroup dialogue, and contextual responsiveness. The article offers a practical implementation model through community-based, faith-based social movements, interfaith alliances, and prophetic teaching. Despite facing substantive obstacles, the prospect of the church as an agent of social change remains open through commitment to long-term transformation and ongoing learning. Abstrak Artikel ini menganalisis peran gereja sebagai katalis kohesi sosial melalui eklesiologi profetik dalam konteks masyarakat plural yang terpolarisasi. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang menggabungkan teologi sistematika dan analisis sosial kontemporer. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa soteriologi holistik yang mengintegrasikan dimensi spiritual dan sosial merupakan fondasi bagi eklesiologi profetik. Fragmentasi sosial dipahami sebagai manifestasi ruptura communionis yang menuntut respons teologis yang serius. Eklesiologi profetik dirumuskan melalui lima karakteristik konstitutif, yakni kritik profetik, solidaritas dengan kaum tertindas, perumusan visi yang konstruktif, dialog lintas kelompok, dan responsivitas kontekstual. Artikel ini menawarkan model implementasi yang praktis melalui komunitas berbasis, gerakan sosial berbasis i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: liberation theology; prophetic ecclesiology; social cohesion; social polarization; soteriology; eklesiologi profetik; kohesi sosial; polarisasi sosial; soteriologi; teologi pembebasan
  topic: keywords
creator: Simon Stefanus
creator: Habel S. J. Rieuwpassa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 163
ending page: 177
doi: 10.46929/z1qc8a27

Model Pastoral Konseling dalam Menangani Trauma Korban Kekerasan Seksual di Gereja-gereja Lokal
type: item
description: This study analyzes pastoral counseling models in addressing trauma among sexual violence victims in local churches, focusing on congregations in Cianjur City. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-exploratory design was employed, involving six pastors selected purposively as participants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings indicate that pastoral counseling practices remain unsystematic and heavily dependent on pastors' personal experience. The approaches applied tend to emphasize spiritual reinforcement without grounding in theoretical counseling frameworks or trauma-informed perspectives. The study also identified limited pastoral competence in trauma handling, alongside socio-cultural barriers such as stigma and a culture of silence that impede the accompaniment process. Furthermore, no contextual and structured pastoral counseling model currently exists for addressing sexual violence victims within local church settings. These findings underscore the urgent need to develop a pastoral counseling model that holistically integrates theological, psychological, and socio-cultural dimensions. This study contributes both theoretically and practically to strengthening pastoral ministry that is more responsive to sexual violence issues within religious communities. Abstrak Penelitian ini menganalisis model pastoral konseling dalam menangani trauma korban kekerasan seksual di gereja lokal, dengan fokus pada gereja-gereja di Kota Cianjur. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif-eksploratif digunakan, melibatkan enam pendeta sebagai partisipan yang dipilih secara purposif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik pastoral konseling masih belum sistematis dan bergantung pada pengalaman pribadi pendeta. Pendekatan yang digunakan cenderung…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: contextual pastoral care; pastoral counseling; qualitative approach; sexual violence; trauma; trauma-informed care; pastoral konseling; kekerasan seksual; pendekatan kualitatif; pelayanan pastoral kontekstual
creator: Hendry Mongkau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 402
ending page: 413
doi: 10.46929/7xmddx70

Tepa Selira sebagai Hermeneutika Perjumpaan: Etika Harmoni Jawa dalam Teologi Persahabatan Lintas Iman
type: item
description: Discourse on interfaith friendship in Indonesia often stops at the pragmatic level, peaceful coexistence, formal harmony, and elite dialogue, without engaging the hermeneutical depth that allows substantive encounters. Meanwhile, Javanese tradition holds the concept of "tepa selira" as an empathetic capacity to genuinely place oneself in the other's position, one that goes beyond mere passive tolerance. This article offers a theological framework of "tepa selira as a hermeneutic of encounter" that engages Javanese harmony ethics with contemporary theology of friendship, particularly the contextual theology of friendship developed in Indonesian theological journals over the past decade. Osmer's practical theology approach, descriptive, interpretive, normative, and pragmatic, structures the argument. Four discussion stages are developed: the genealogy of tepa selira in Javanese ethics; Jesus as Friend and the contemporary theology of friendship; tepa selira as a hermeneutic of encounter; and practical implications for interfaith friendship in plural Indonesia. The article's contribution lies in formulating a framework that preserves Christological particularity while opening substantive, not merely procedural, dialogical space with our interfaith neighbors in Indonesia. Abstrak Wacana persahabatan lintas iman di Indonesia kerap berhenti pada level pragmatis, tentang koeksistensi damai, kerukunan formal, dan dialog elit, tanpa menyentuh kedalaman hermeneutis yang memungkinkan perjumpaan substantif. Pada saat yang sama, tradisi Jawa memiliki konsep "tepa selira" yang berarti kemampuan empatik untuk benar-benar menempatkan diri pada posisi orang lain, sebuah kemampuan yang lebih dari sekadar toleransi pasif. Artikel ini menawarkan kerangka teologis "tepa selira sebagai hermeneutika perjumpaan" yang mendialogkan etika harmoni Jawa dengan teologi persahabatan kontemporer, khususnya teologi persahabatan kontekstual yang berkembang dalam jurnal-jurnal teologi Indonesia selam…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hermeneutic of encounter; interfaith; Javanese harmony ethics; tepa selira; theology of friendship; etika harmoni Jawa; hermeneutika perjumpaan; lintas iman; teologi persahabatan; tepa selira
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Pujarsono
creator: Munatar Kause
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 151
ending page: 162
doi: 10.46929/c16qm165

Teologi Penghakiman yang Tertunda: Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11, Kesabaran Allah, dan Implikasinya bagi Eklesiologi Kontemporer
type: item
description: Acts 5:1–11 records an event that frequently generates theological tension: the immediate deaths of Ananias and Sapphira as a consequence of their deception toward the community and the Holy Spirit. This event appears to conflict with the doctrine of divine patience (makrothymia), one of the most prominent divine attributes in the New Testament. This article examines how the immediate divine judgment in Acts 5:1–11 can be coherently understood within the framework of divine-patience theology and explores its implications for contemporary ecclesiology, particularly regarding church discipline, community integrity, and the call to corporate holiness. This study employs a narrative-historical-exegetical method applied to Acts 5:1–11, combined with cross-canonical biblical-theological analysis and a systematic-ecclesiological review. Findings indicate that the immediate judgment in this pericope does not negate divine patience but functions as a divine kairos act that safeguards the integrity of the early ecclesia as a witnessing community. Implications for contemporary ecclesiology include the necessity of restoring a theology of church discipline grounded in both love and holiness. Abstrak Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11 merekam sebuah peristiwa yang kerap menimbulkan ketegangan teologis: kematian seketika Ananias dan Safira akibat penipuan terhadap jemaat dan Roh Kudus. Peristiwa ini tampak bertentangan dengan doktrin kesabaran Allah (makrothymia) yang menjadi salah satu atribut ilahi yang paling menonjol dalam Perjanjian Baru. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana penghakiman ilahi yang bersifat segera dalam Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11 dapat dipahami secara koheren dalam kerangka teologi kesabaran Allah, serta menelaah implikasinya bagi eklesiologi kontemporer, khususnya dalam hal disiplin gerejawi, integritas komunitas, dan panggilan kekudusan korporat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksegesis naratif-historis terhadap teks Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11 yang dikombinasik…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Acts 5:1–11; church discipline; divine judgment; divine patience; ecclesiology; witnessing community; disiplin gereja; eklesiologi; penghakiman ilahi; kesabaran Allah; Kisah Para Rasul 5:1–11; komunitas kesaksian
creator: Rusli Rusli
creator: Robertson Rining
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 139
ending page: 150
doi: 10.46929/qj6qps46

Paradigma Pedagogi Missio Dei: Rekonstruksi Teologi Misi bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
type: item
description: Christian education in Indonesia is often reduced to mere character formation, while mission is perceived as a church activity unrelated to the educational domain. This separation does not originate from theological principles but is shaped by colonialism, modernism, and rationalism, which disconnected intellectual formation from missional participation. Employing a qualitative approach and theological-systematic analysis, this study reconstructs mission theology within Christian education by positioning Missio Dei as the foundational paradigm that affirms God as the primary subject of mission. The findings demonstrate that Missio Dei reintegrates education and mission through a participatory pedagogical framework manifested in kerygma, diakonia, and koinonia. These three dimensions form a transformative educational model, placing educators as co-workers of God and positioning the curriculum as an instrument of restoration, social justice, and living witness. Consequently, education moves beyond a cognitive orientation and functions as diakonia, shaping learners into agents of reconciliation and bearers of shalom within society. Abstrak Pendidikan Kristiani di Indonesia kerap dipersempit menjadi sekadar pembinaan karakter, sedangkan misi dianggap sebagai kegiatan gerejawi yang tidak berkaitan dengan ranah pendidikan. Pemisahan ini bukan berakar pada landasan teologis, melainkan dipengaruhi oleh kolonialisme, modernisme, dan rasionalisme yang memutus hubungan antara pembentukan intelektual dan partisipasi misioner. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif serta analisis teologis-sistematis, penelitian ini merekonstruksi teologi misi dalam pendidikan Kristiani dengan menjadikan Missio Dei sebagai dasar yang menegaskan Allah sebagai subjek utama misi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Missio Dei mengintegrasikan kembali pendidikan dan misi melalui pendekatan pedagogis partisipatif yang termanifestasi dalam kerygma, diakonia, dan koinonia. Ketiga dimensi tersebut membentuk model pend…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Christian education; kerygma-diakonia-koinonia; missio dei; mission theology; transformative pedagogy; pedagogi transformatif; pendidikan kristiani; teologi misi
  topic: keywords
creator: Yosua Gultom
creator: Serine Cristyn
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 388
ending page: 401
doi: 10.46929/d58yta19

Pengampunan sebagai Gaya Hidup Komunal Kristosentris
type: item
description: Forgiveness in the Christian tradition transcends moral obligation and constitutes an ethical response to God's salvific grace. This study offers an exegetical analysis of three key Greek terms in Colossians 3:13, namely "anechomenoi" (patient forbearance), "charizomenoi" (forgiving as an act of grace-giving), and "echarisato" (Christ's completed act of forgiveness), employing a qualitative approach through grammatical-historical exegesis. The analysis encompasses lexical, grammatical, historical, and theological dimensions. The findings demonstrate that the verbal tense distinction between the aorist indicative of echarisato and the present participle of charizomenoi and anechomenoi is not merely a grammatical phenomenon but a theological structure, affirming that the congregation's ongoing forgiveness is grounded in God's completed act of forgiveness in Christ. Christian forgiveness is communal, proactive, and unconditional precisely because it derives from charis rather than legal obligation. These findings carry significant implications for forming congregational communities that practice forgiveness as a communal way of life grounded in the boundless grace of Christ. Abstrak Pengampunan dalam tradisi Kristen melampaui kewajiban moral, yakni sebagai respons etis terhadap anugerah keselamatan Allah. Penelitian ini mengkaji secara eksegetis tiga kata kunci Yunani dalam Kolose 3:13, yaitu “anechomenoi” (sabar menanggung), “charizomenoi” (mengampuni sebagai pemberian anugerah), dan “echarisato” (Kristus telah mengampuni secara tuntas), melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode eksegesis gramatikal-historis. Analisis mencakup kajian leksikal, gramatikal, historikal, dan teologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan kala verba antara aorist indicative pada echarisato dan present participle pada charizomenoi dan anechomenoi bukan sekadar fenomena gramatikal, melainkan struktur teologis yang menegaskan bahwa pengampunan jemaat berakar pada pengampunan Allah y…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: charizomai, Colossians 3:13, community of grace, communal way of life, ethics of forgiveness, komunitas anugerah, etika pengampunan, gaya hidup komunal, Kolose 3:13
  topic: keywords
creator: Santono Sinaga
creator: Delfrita Simalango
creator: Yosua Nur Azriel
creator: Lily Susanti
creator: Kristin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 121
ending page: 139
doi: 10.46929/es73aa89

Dialektika Virtualitas dan Spiritualitas
type: item
description: The digital revolution presents complex challenges for Christian education, particularly through digital Machiavellianism, where strategic manipulation exploits psychological vulnerabilities via algorithms. Using a critical-theological hermeneutical approach, this study examines the tension between digital manipulation and the formation of authentic missionary faith. The study introduces discernment literacy as a learning framework for navigating the digital space without losing spiritual integrity. By combining ideas from theology, education, and digital criticism, this study suggests a new way of teaching about faith that goes beyond just adjusting to technology. Christian education is called to transform the digital space into a locus theo-logicus, an authentic theological encounter space where faith engages in critical dialogue with modernity. Effective faith formation requires transformative practices centered on Missio Dei, enabling believers to resist digital manipulation while fostering authentic spiritual community. Christian education functions as both prophetic criticism and constructive engagement with digital culture, maintaining theological integrity while responding to contemporary challenges in a reflective and relevant manner. Abstrak Revolusi digital menghadirkan tantangan kompleks bagi pendidikan Kristiani, khususnya melalui machiavellianisme digital, di mana manipulasi strategis mengeksploitasi kerentanan psikologis via algoritma. Menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutik kritis-teologis, penelitian ini mengkaji ketegangan antara manipulasi digital dengan formasi iman misional yang autentik. Penelitian memperkenalkan discernment literacy sebagai kerangka pembelajaran untuk menavigasi ruang digital tanpa kehilangan integritas spiritual. Melalui integrasi refleksi teologis, teori pendidikan, dan kritik digital, ditawarkan model pendidikan misional yang transformatif, bukan sekadar adaptif terhadap teknologi. Pendidikan Kristiani dipanggil mentransformasi …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Christian education, critical pedagogy, digital theology, digital machiavellianism, discernment literacy, missional formation, formasi misional, machiavellianise digital, pedagogi kritis, pendidikan Kristiani, teologi digital
creator: Michael Erfian Khandira
creator: Esther Idayanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 78
ending page: 92
doi: 10.46929/sabjwz09

Tubuh yang Diselamatkan
type: item
description: This article reflects on the meaning of Christian salvation from the perspective of orthodox soteriology by positioning women's bodies as a significant ethical-theological locus in the context of gender-based violence in East Nusa Tenggara. Employing a contextual critical theological hermeneutic approach, this study uses Dietrich Bonhoeffer's ethics of responsibility as the primary lens. Women's bodies are understood as reality at stake in the relationship of faith; thus, practices of violence, exploitation, and human trafficking constitute a theological crisis demanding a responsible faith response. Feminism is positioned as a limited lens for ethical concern in reading experiences of suffering, without being made the dogmatic foundation of soteriology. In dialogue with the socio-cultural reality of NTT, this article affirms that violence against women's bodies is related to asymmetrical power relations, structural poverty, and distortion of social values. Grounded in the concept of imago Dei, salvation is understood as God's work that restores human dignity and relationships holistically and calls the church to be responsibly present amid the reality of structural violence. Abstrak Artikel ini merefleksikan makna keselamatan Kristen dari perspektif soteriologi ortodoks dengan menempatkan tubuh perempuan sebagai lokus etis-teologis yang signifikan dalam konteks kekerasan berbasis gender di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutik teologis kritis kontekstual, penelitian ini menjadikan etika tanggung jawab Dietrich Bonhoeffer sebagai lensa utama. Tubuh perempuan dipahami sebagai realitas yang dipertaruhkan dalam relasi iman, sehingga praktik kekerasan, eksploitasi, dan perdagangan manusia merupakan krisis teologis yang menuntut respons iman bertanggung jawab. Feminisme diposisikan secara terbatas sebagai lensa keprihatinan etis untuk membaca pengalaman penderitaan, tanpa dijadikan fondasi dogmatik soteriologi. Dalam dialog dengan realitas sosial…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, East Nusa Tenggara, gender-based violence, imago Dei, orthodox soteriology, women’s bodies, kekerasan berbasis gender, Nusa Tenggara Timur, soteriologi ortodoks, tubuh perempuan
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Carlos
creator: Martina Novalina
creator: Eddy Suandar Simanjuntak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 52
ending page: 62
doi: 10.46929/a49mw270

Ekopedagogi Kristen Berbasis Metafora Tubuh Allah
type: item
description: The current global ecological crisis is not only an environmental issue, but also a matter of faith, spirituality, and social justice. In Indonesia, deforestation, pollution, and conflicts between indigenous peoples and corporations show that ecological damage always has an impact on human suffering. The church, such as the Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP), which is the prophetic voice of the Batak people, affirms that ecological issues are integral to the identity of the faith. In creation theology, classical thinking and Indonesian theological reflections find radical expression in Sallie McFague's metaphor of “the world as the body of God.” This metaphor affirms that harming nature means harming God. However, the pedagogical dimension of this metaphor has not been systematically explored, especially in the context of faith education in Indonesia. This article employs a qualitative method grounded in a literature review, integrating McFague's eco-theological reflections and Karen B. Tye's six-aspect Christian pedagogical framework. The result is that the integration of the two can give rise to a transformative ecological pedagogy relevant to churches and Christian schools in Indonesia and contribute academically to the development of eco-theology. Abstrak Krisis ekologi global dewasa ini bukan hanya masalah lingkungan, melainkan juga masalah iman, spiritualitas, dan keadilan sosial. Di Indonesia, deforestasi, pencemaran, dan konflik masyarakat adat dengan korporasi menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan ekologis selalu berdampak pada penderitaan manusia. Gereja, seperti Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP) yang bersuara profetis Tanah Batak, menegaskan bahwa isu ekologi adalah bagian dari identitas iman. Dalam teologi penciptaan, pemikiran klasik hingga refleksi teolog Indonesia menemukan ekspresi radikal dalam metafora Sallie McFague tentang “dunia sebagai tubuh Allah”. Metafora ini menegaskan bahwa melukai alam berarti melukai Allah. Namun, dimensi pedagogis dari metaf…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teologi Penciptaan, Sallie McFague, Tubuh Allah, Ekoteologi, Pedagogi Kristen, Karen B. Tye, Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Rosyanti Siadari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 23
doi: 10.46929/0ckfam77

Keselamatan dan Kekekalan Pernikahan
type: item
description: Today's Christian world frequently discusses marriage, divorce, and remarriage. Differences of opinion among God's servants regarding this matter frequently confuse the congregation. Therefore, we need to conduct research on Christian marriage and divorce literature from both soteriological and anthropological perspectives. The aim of this research is to answer whether divorced Christians who remarry can enter heaven, even though they are indicated to be living in adultery with their partner. Will the marriage relationship between a Christian husband and wife continue to exist in eternity? This research will employ qualitative methods, specifically a literature review. The results of this research are that first, Christians who divorce and remarry have fallen short of God's best design for their married life. But God will definitely forgive anyone who wants to repent and live righteously. There is still a guarantee of safety for couples like this who want to live their married lives wisely. Second, the marriage relationship between husband and wife on earth will be perfected in eternity. Abstrak Pernikahan, perceraian, dan pernikahan kembali menjadi isu yang sering dibahas dalam dunia kekristenan hingga saat ini. Perbedaan pendapat para hamba Tuhan mengenai hal ini sering kali menimbulkan kebingungan bagi jemaat. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai studi literatur pernikahan dan perceraian Kristen dari perspektif soteriologis dan antropologis. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menjawab apakah orang Kristen yang bercerai dan hidup, dan menikah lagi dapat masuk ke Sorga, sedangkan ia terindikasi hidup dalam perzinahan dengan pasangannya. Kemudian, apakah hubungan pernikahan dari sepasang suami istri Kristen akan tetap eksis di dalam kekekalan? Penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis studi literatur. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orang Kristen yang bercerai dan menikah lagi telah menyimpang dari rancangan ter…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Christian marriage, divorce, eschatological, remarriage, soteriological, eskatologis, pernikahan kembali, pernikahan Kristen, perceraian, soteriologis
  topic: keywords
creator: Gregorius Suwito
creator: Jon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 38
ending page: 51
doi: 10.46929/6dad9d50

Beyond Evangelism
type: item
description: This study examines the theological foundations of koinonia as a missional framework that transcends traditional evangelistic approaches within Pentecostal theology. Through hermeneutical analysis and phenomenological methodology, this research examines how Pentecostal communities in Indonesia can foster interfaith friendships while maintaining theological integrity. The study argues that koinonia provides a robust theological foundation for mission that emphasizes relational transformation, rather than solely focusing on religious conversion, particularly in Indonesia's pluralistic context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: evangelism, koinonia, mission of friendship, interfaith, theology of Pentecost
  topic: keywords
creator: Harls Evan R. Siahaan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
doi: 10.46929/vdw4zk88

Reorientasi Eksistensi Manusia dalam Terang Missio Dei bagi Pendidikan Kristiani
type: item
description: Christian education often succeeds in transmitting knowledge but frequently fails to guide learners toward understanding the meaning of their existence before God. Many learning processes stop at cognitive and moral achievements without nurturing awareness of the calling to live within God’s mission. The fundamental issue stems from a perspective that dissociates humans from their relationship with the Creator, resulting in an independent interpretation of meaning. Reorientation is needed by placing human existence in the light of the Missio Dei so that life is understood as participation in God’s work of reconciliation and restoration. This study integrates missional theology, human existence, and Christian education to formulate an educational direction that shapes persons who actively participate in God’s mission. The analysis shows the need for a shift from academically oriented education toward development that engages the mind, affections, and will. Educational success is measured not merely by knowledge but by lived faith, just relationships, a spirit of reconciliation, and involvement in communal restoration. Missio Dei, therefore, is not simply part of the curriculum but the foundation of the entire learning process. Christian education, rooted in the Missio Dei, directs human existence from self-orientation toward faithfulness to God and meaningful participation in God’s restorative work in the world. Abstrak Pendidikan Kristiani sering berhasil mentransmisikan pengetahuan tetapi kerap gagal menuntun manusia memahami makna keberadaannya di hadapan Allah. Banyak proses belajar berhenti pada capaian kognitif dan moral tanpa menumbuhkan kesadaran panggilan untuk hidup dalam misi Allah. Akar persoalan terletak pada pandangan yang memisahkan manusia dari relasi dengan Sang Pencipta, sehingga makna hidup dipahami secara otonom. Reorientasi diperlukan dengan menempatkan eksistensi manusia dalam terang Missio Dei agar hidup dilihat sebagai partisipasi dalam karya …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Christian education, human existence, missio Dei, eksistensi manusia, kurikulum pendidikan kristiani, pendidikan Kristiani
  topic: keywords
creator: Aldrik Christian Prayfanca Ginting
creator: Nurmalia Pardede
creator: Herman Poroe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 24
ending page: 37
doi: 10.46929/k2eqd711

Pedagogi Radikal untuk Pendidikan di Tanah Papua: Kajian Hermeneutik terhadap Matius 15:21-28 dalam Perspektif Etika Tanggung Jawab Lévinas
type: item
description: This paper explores educational inequality in Papua through Emmanuel Lévinas's ethics of responsibility and an interpretation of Matthew 15:21-28. The research method used is qualitative with a hermeneutic approach. In this article, I present three arguments. First, the interpretation of biblical texts can be used to transform life. Second, Lévinas's theory is insufficient in addressing educational issues in Papua. Third, remembering, reclaiming, and re-presenting, derived from the interpretation of Matthew 15:21-28, are three stages in radical pedagogy. Radical pedagogy is capable of addressing highly complex educational issues and providing prosperous living conditions for the people of Papua. Abstrak Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi ketimpangan pendidikan di tanah Papua melalui pendekatan etika tanggung jawab Emmanuel Lévinas dan penafsiran terhadap Matius 15:21–28. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif dengan pendekatan hermeneutik. Dalam artikel ini, saya mengemukakan tiga argumen. Pertama, penafsiran terhadap teks Alkitab dapat digunakan untuk mentransformasi kehidupan. Kedua, teori Lévinas belum memadai dalam menjawab persoalan pendidikan di tanah Papua. Ketiga, remembering, reclaiming, dan re-presenting yang dihasilkan melalui penafsiran terhadap Matius 15:21-28 merupakan tiga tahapan dalam pedagogi radikal. Pedagogi radikal mampu menjawab isu pendidikan yang sangat kompleks serta memberi kehidupan yang sejahtera bagi masyarakat Papua.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: Lévinas
  topic: keywords
subject: Matthew 15
  topic: keywords
subject: 21–28
  topic: keywords
subject: Tanah Papua
  topic: keywords
subject: radical pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Matius 15
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogi radikal
  topic: keywords
subject: pendidikan
  topic: keywords
creator: Astrid Bonik Lusi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 215
ending page: 230
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i1.263

PPOS GBKP dan Spiritualitas Wounded Healer: Pelayanan Lansia dalam Perspektif Sistem Sosial
type: item
description: This article explores the dynamics of pastoral care for the elderly within the context of PPOS GBKP (Pusat Pelayanan Orang Tua Sejahtera, or the Center for Elderly Ministry under the Batak Karo Protestant Church). Drawing on the theories of Niklas Luhmann's social systems and Henri J.M. Nouwen's concept of the wounded healer, this study examines how the structured division of labor and relational dynamics among staff, caregivers, and trainees influence the quality of care and spiritual formation. The research employs a qualitative, reflective approach using autoethnographic methods, drawing on the author’s two-month pastoral internship at PPOS. The findings show that each division functions as an interrelated subsystem, forming an adaptive network of ministry. More deeply, the study reveals that pastoral identity is not formed through authority or perfection but through wounds—suffering, exhaustion, and shared vulnerability. In this context, the experience of “being woundedâ€ becomes the space of encounter with Christ and with the brokenness of others. This article contributes to contextual theological discourse by offering a model of holistic elderly ministry rooted in spiritual empathy, organizational interconnectedness, and incarnational presence. Â Abstrak Artikel ini mengeksplorasi dinamika pelayanan pastoral bagi lanjut usia (lansia) dalam konteks PPOS GBKP (Pusat Pelayanan Orang Tua Sejahtera di bawah naungan Gereja Batak Karo Protestan). Dengan menggunakan teori sistem sosial dari Niklas Luhmann dan konsep wounded healer dari Henri J.M. Nouwen, studi ini menganalisis bagaimana pembagian kerja yang terstruktur serta relasi sosial antara pegawai, pengasuh, dan calon Vikaris magang membentuk kualitas pelayanan dan proses pembentukan spiritualitas pelayan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-reflektif melalui metode autoetnografi berdasarkan pengalaman magang pastoral penulis selama dua bulan di PPOS. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa setiap divisi di …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: elderly care
  topic: keywords
subject: GBKP
  topic: keywords
subject: pastoral care
  topic: keywords
subject: PPOS
  topic: keywords
subject: social system
  topic: keywords
subject: spirituality of the wounded healer
  topic: keywords
subject: wounded healer
  topic: keywords
subject: pelayanan lansia
  topic: keywords
subject: pelayanan pastoral
  topic: keywords
subject: sistem sosial
  topic: keywords
subject: spiritualitas wounded healer
  topic: keywords
creator: William Wahyu Sembiring
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
starting page: 309
ending page: 320
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.280

Pendekatan Pembelajaran Guru Sekolah Minggu Berbasis Inner Touch
type: item
description: The moral degradation and spiritual crisis among Christian youth have exposed a fundamental weakness in Sunday school education: its overemphasis on cognitive transmission at the expense of affective and spiritual formation. This article argues that such a paradigm is pedagogically inadequate and theologically inconsistent with Jesus’ own teaching model, which prioritizes the transformation of the inner person. Drawing on a library research methodology with bibliographic-qualitative analysis, this study examines the conceptual foundations of inner touch as a curriculum framework for Sunday school teacher training. By integrating insights from Aristotle’s theory of emotion and character, Ki Hajar Dewantara’s olah hati concept, Bloom’s affective taxonomy, and Christocentric pedagogy, the study demonstrates that inner touch constitutes a transformative alternative capable of reorienting Sunday school learning toward conscience formation and Christoformity. The findings underscore the urgency of restructuring teacher-training curricula in churches and theological institutions to cultivate teachers who teach not merely with knowledge but with heart. Abstrak: Degradasi moral dan krisis spiritual anak-anak Kristen mengungkap kelemahan mendasar dalam pendidikan Sekolah Minggu: kecenderungan berlebihan pada transmisi kognitif dengan mengabaikan pembentukan afektif dan spiritual. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa paradigma tersebut tidak memadai secara pedagogis dan tidak konsisten secara teologis dengan model pengajaran. Yesus sendiri yang memprioritaskan transformasi manusia bagian dalam. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan pendekatan analisis bibliografis-kualitatif, kajian ini menelaah fondasi konseptual inner touch sebagai kerangka kurikulum pelatihan guru Sekolah Minggu. Melalui integrasi pemikiran Aristoteles tentang emosi dan karakter, konsep olah hati Ki Hajar Dewantara, taksonomi afektif Bloom, serta pedagogi Kristosentris, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: inner-touch-based; learning approach; Sunday school; Sunday school teacher; guru Sekolah Minggu; pendekatan pembelajaran; Sekolah Minggu; sentuhan batin
  topic: keywords
creator: Rifky Serva Tuju
creator: Dinn Wahyudin
creator: Asep Herry Hermawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 360
ending page: 372
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.289

Kepemimpinan Kristen dalam Mempertahankan Ketajaman Analisis terhadap Dampak Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence pada Pendidikan Agama Kristen
type: item
description: This study seeks to explore the role of Christian leadership in sustaining critical discernment regarding the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Christian religious education. Amid the rapid progression of digital technologies, there emerges a growing risk of diminished critical capacity among both learners and educators due to increasing reliance on AI systems. Christian leadership, rooted in theological values and the ethics of faith, serves a vital role in nurturing awareness, reflective engagement, and critical attitudes toward the use of technology. Employing a qualitative approach and literature-based analysis, this study finds that visionary and transformative Christian leaders are able to uphold the integrity of the learning process by balancing technological innovation with faith-based principles. Critical analysis is thus essential to ensure that Christian religious education does not succumb solely to efficiency but continues to emphasize character formation, spiritual depth, and intellectual growth. Therefore, Christian leadership is indispensable in ensuring that the implementation of AI supports—rather than replaces—the core values of faith-based education. Â Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran kepemimpinan Kristen dalam mempertahankan ketajaman analisis terhadap dampak penggunaan Artificial Intelligence (AI) bagi pendidikan agama Kristen. Di tengah kemajuan teknologi digital yang pesat, muncul risiko melemahnya daya kritis peserta didik dan pengajar akibat ketergantungan pada AI. Kepemimpinan Kristen yang berbasis nilai teologis dan etika iman memainkan peran strategis dalam menumbuhkan kesadaran, refleksi, dan sikap kritis terhadap pemanfaatan teknologi. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif dan kajian literatur, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pemimpin Kristen yang visioner dan transformatif mampu menjaga integritas proses pembelajaran dengan menyeimbangkan inovasi teknologi dan prinsip-prinsip iman. Ketajaman analisis menjadi ku…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian religious education
  topic: keywords
subject: critical discernment
  topic: keywords
subject: theological ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: etika teologi
  topic: keywords
subject: kepemimpinan Kristen
  topic: keywords
subject: ketajaman analisis
  topic: keywords
subject: pendidikan agama Kristen
  topic: keywords
creator: Semuel Linggi Topayung
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 290
ending page: 308
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.291

Triperpsektif Frame sebagai Doktrin Iman dalam Pendidikan Kristiani
type: item
description: This article aims to tell Christians about the tri-perspective frame as a doctrine and its essence in Christian education. Doctrine is the principle of faith or teachings of a belief or religion. Christian education is a discipline and effort systematically designed so that people uncover life in Christ and experience spiritual growth. Doctrine and Christian education are different, but the two cannot be separated; doctrine needs to be implied, and Christian education requires doctrine as the basis for its realization. This research involves a qualitative study that analyzes descriptive literature. The entire process of analysis, discussion, and construction is within the perspective and construction of Christian theology. The conclusions or results of the research, derived from the tri-perspective framework, include the doctrine of Christian education, the Bible as the highest and authoritative norm, the integration of science, and the integrity and capability of educators. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan memberikan wawasan kepada umat Kristiani tentang triperspektif Frame sebagai doktrin dan implikasinya dalam pendidikan Kristiani. Doktrin ialah asas iman atau ajaran sebuah kepercayaan atau agama, sementara pendidikan Kristiani merupakan disiplin ilmu dan upaya yang dirancang secara sistematis agar orang-orang menemukan kehidupan dalam Kristus dan mengalami pertumbuhan rohani. Doktrin dan pendidikan Kristiani memang berbeda, namun keduanya tidak bisa dipisah. Doktrin perlu diimplikasikan, dan pendidikan Kristiani butuh doktrin sebagai dasar implikasinya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif studi pustaka analisis deskriptif. Keseluruhan proses analisis, diskusi, dan pembahasan berada dalam perspektif dan konstruksi teologi Kristen. Kesimpulan atau hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari tiga perspektif: Frame sebagai doktrin dalam pendidikan Kristiani, Alkitab sebagai norma tertinggi dan berotoritas, integrasi dengan ilmu pengetahuan, dan integritas dan kapab…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Christian doctrine
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian education
  topic: keywords
subject: Frame's tri-perspective
  topic: keywords
subject: doktrin Kristiani
  topic: keywords
subject: pendidikan kristiani
  topic: keywords
subject: triperspektif Frame
  topic: keywords
creator: Suyadi Tjhin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 254
ending page: 264
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.295

Menggagas Ulang Peran Gembala dalam Gereja Digital: Kepemimpinan Pelayanan dan Misi di Era Teknologi
type: item
description: The development of digital technology has significantly changed social patterns in society related to interaction, communication, and even culture and service delivery in church life. Pastoral leadership is required to adapt to a service model that is not only physical but also virtual. This is due to the continuous advancement of generations and technology. These changes pose new challenges in maintaining spiritual authority, emotional closeness, and mission effectiveness in a digital society. The increasing use of digital platforms by churches during and after the Covid-19 pandemic demonstrates the impending need to reposition pastors' roles both theologically and practically. This research aims to reimagine the role of pastors in the digital context as a form of ministry and mission leadership that is relevant to the times. The research method used is qualitative with a literature study approach and contextual theological analysis. The findings revealed that digital pastors must amalgamate spirituality, technology, and congregational engagement within a transformative ministry paradigm. Pastoral leadership must be adaptive, communicative, and missionary in reaching people through digital media. The digital church should not be viewed as a substitute for the physical church; instead, it represents an expansion of service space that requires a new form of leadership characterized by reflection and innovation. Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi digital telah sangat mengubah cara orang berinteraksi, berkomunikasi, dan bahkan budaya, serta cara pelayanan dalam kehidupan bergereja. Kepemimpinan gembala dituntut untuk beradaptasi dengan model pelayanan yang tidak hanya bersifat fisik, tetapi juga virtual. Sebab generasi dan kemajuan teknologi selaras maju. Perubahan ini menimbulkan tantangan baru dalam mempertahankan otoritas spiritual, kedekatan emosional, dan efektivitas misi di tengah masyarakat digital. Adapun dengan adanya fenomena meningkatnya penggunaan platform digi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: digital church
  topic: keywords
subject: leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: ministry
  topic: keywords
subject: mission
  topic: keywords
subject: pastor
  topic: keywords
subject: gereja digital
  topic: keywords
subject: kepemimpinan
  topic: keywords
subject: pelayanan
  topic: keywords
subject: misi
  topic: keywords
subject: gembala
  topic: keywords
creator: Elisa Nimbo Sumual
creator: Yonatan Alex Arifianto
creator: Yohana Fajar Rahayu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 241
ending page: 253
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.278

Kepemimpinan Kristen, Krisis Kebenaran, Peran Gereja Membangun Spiritualitas di Era Post-Truth
type: item
description: The post-truth era has created serious epistemological challenges to truth, authority, and spirituality in church life. Christian leadership, which should be the guardian of theological truth and spiritual guide for the congregation, now faces a crisis of trust and a degradation of theological values due to a flood of disinformation and moral relativism. This article aims to examine how Christian leadership can become a transformative force in responding to the crisis of truth and restoring the spirituality of the church. Using a practical theological approach through literature review employing qualitative-descriptive methods, this article concludes that the post-truth era and the crisis of truth present an epistemological challenge for the church. The church can continue to realize Christian leadership and the rehabilitation of the authority of truth by rebuilding its degraded spirituality. Thus, the church continues to strive for a theocentric model of Christian leadership for the post-truth era so that it can become a pillar in rebuilding spirituality rooted in authentic theological truth. Abstrak Era post-truth telah menciptakan tantangan epistemologis yang serius terhadap kebenaran, otoritas, dan spiritualitas dalam kehidupan bergereja. Kepemimpinan Kristen, yang seharusnya menjadi penjaga kebenaran teologis dan pembimbing spiritual umat, kini menghadapi krisis kepercayaan serta degradasi nilai-nilai teologis akibat banjir disinformasi dan relativisme moral. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji bagaimana kepemimpinan Kristen dapat menjadi kekuatan transformatif dalam merespons krisis kebenaran dan memulihkan spiritualitas gereja. Dengan pendekatan teologi praktis melalui studi pustaka dalam penggunaan metode kualitatif-deskriptif, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa adanya era post-truth dan krisis kebenaran ini menjadi tantangan epistemologis bagi gereja, yang mana kepemimpinan Kristen dan rehabilitasi otoritas kebenaran terus dapat diwujudkan dalam membangun kembali sp…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: church spirituality; Christian leadership; post-truth era; practical theology; truth crisis; era post-truth; kepemimpinan Kristen; krisis kebenaran; spiritualitas gereja; teologi praktis
  topic: keywords
creator: Indra Richard Sigarlaki
creator: Debby Sandra Tendean
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 265
ending page: 275
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.285

Manajemen Pelayanan Misi Kontemporer Berdasarkan Lukas 10:1-12 dan 17-20
type: item
description: This paper discusses Luke 10:1–12 and 17–20 as a theological and managerial guide for contemporary mission ministry. Although originally Jesus' direct instructions to his seventy disciples, this text contains principles that are radical, universal, and relevant to the modern church. This study highlights that Jesus' instruction was not just technical direction, but a God-centered mission management model. Through an exegetical-hermeneutic approach and a review of the mission literature, it was found that the mission model of Luke 10 differs fundamentally from the human-centered approach that often appears in some modern mission movements. Luke 10:1-12 and 17-20 present mission ministry management that can be implemented in the contemporary era. We conclude that contemporary mission service management includes: preparing, strategizing, implementing, following up, and evaluating mission services
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: contemporary mission ministry
  topic: keywords
subject: Luke 10
  topic: keywords
subject: management
  topic: keywords
creator: Tutur Parade Tua Panjaitan
creator: Ferdinand Iskandar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 276
ending page: 289
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.297

Suara dari Tepi: Hermeneutika gēr, yātôm, dan almānāh dalam Kitab Ulangan untuk Eklesiologi Inklusif
type: item
description: This article examines the theological triad of gēr, yātôm, and almānāh in the Book of Deuteronomy as a constructive foundation for inclusive ecclesiology in Indonesia. This triad, comprising the foreigner, the orphan, and the widow, appears more than ten times throughout Deuteronomy and functions as a theological category for those excluded from the protective structures of ancient Israel's patriarchal kinship system. The study argues that Deuteronomy does not merely command charity toward the vulnerable but constructs an expanded kinship paradigm in which the marginalized are embraced as kin within the community of faith. Employing canonical-narrative exegesis integrated with a hermeneutics of marginality and Indonesian contextual dialogue, the article explores four dimensions: the socio-legal landscape of the triad, the hermeneutics of Egypt's memory as an ethical foundation, the ecclesiological transformation from charity to kinship, and contextual implications for three contemporary faces of vulnerability, namely persons with disabilities, female-headed households, and urban migrants. The resulting paradigm is rooted in covenant theology rather than superficial liberal inclusion. Abstrak Artikel ini menelusuri triad teologis gēr, yātôm, dan almānāh dalam Kitab Ulangan sebagai fondasi konstruktif bagi eklesiologi inklusif di Indonesia. Triad ini, yakni orang asing, anak yatim, dan janda, muncul lebih dari sepuluh kali dalam Ulangan dan berfungsi sebagai kategori teologis bagi mereka yang berada di luar struktur perlindungan kekerabatan patriarkal Israel kuno. Studi ini berargumen bahwa Ulangan tidak sekadar memerintahkan karitas terhadap yang rentan, melainkan juga mengonstruksi paradigma expanded kinship, di mana yang marjinal dirangkul sebagai sanak keluarga oleh komunitas iman. Dengan menggunakan eksegesis kanonik-naratif yang dipadukan dengan hermeneutika marjinalitas dan dialog kontekstual Indonesia, artikel ini mengeksplorasi empat dimensi: lanskap sosial-h…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: almānāh; book of Deuteronomy; gēr; hermeneutics of marginality; inclusive ecclesiology; yātôm; eklesiologi inklusif; hermeneutika marjinalitas; kitab Ulangan
  topic: keywords
creator: Nekson Nekson
creator: Karel Martinus Siahaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 127
ending page: 138
doi: 10.46929/graciadeo.v8i2.224

Dinamika Keluarga dan Perkembangan Emosional Anak
type: item
description: Emotional problems in children increase with each generation. Many conflicts between husband and wife also aggravate children's emotional problems. Previous studies indicate that children who manage their emotions effectively exhibit positive personality traits and excel academically. This research examines the role of parents in guiding children to manage their emotions. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this research indicate that parents' emotional regulation and insight into parenting predict their success in educating children with strong personalities and high achievement. The warmth of affection between husband and wife provides a sense of comfort that children need for their personality development. Abstrak Permasalahan emosional pada anak semakin meningkat dari generasi ke generasi. Berbagai konflik antara suami dan istri juga memperburuk permasalahan emosional anak. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menjelaskan bahwa anak yang mampu mengelola emosinya memiliki kepribadian yang menyenangkan serta berprestasi di sekolah. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana peran orang tua dalam membimbing anak agar mampu mengelola emosinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan orang tua dalam mendidik anak yang berkepribadian unggul dan berprestasi tinggi ditentukan oleh kualitas kepribadian mereka dalam mengelola emosi serta wawasan tentang pola asuh. Kehangatan kasih sayang antara suami dan istri merupakan sumber kenyamanan yang sangat dibutuhkan anak dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: child emotional development, Christian parenting, emotion regulation, family dynamics, parental role, parenting style, dinamika keluarga, parenting Kristiani, perkembangan emosional anak, peran orang tua, pola asuh, regulasi emosi
creator: Gidion
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 63
ending page: 77
doi: 10.46929/kzy31t32

Paradigma Keadilan Sosial
type: item
description: This study analyzes Deuteronomy 15:12-18 through a social-historical interpretive approach to uncover the dimensions of social justice embedded in the debt-slavery regulations of ancient Israelite society. Employing descriptive qualitative methods with library-based research, the study identifies three primary socio-theological principles, namely tzedakah (distributive justice), hesed (communal loving-kindness), and mishpat (legal order), as the foundation of the liberation system prescribed in the text. Linguistic analysis of key terms such as "eved," "chofshi," and "ha'aneik ta'anik" demonstrates that the text restructures the power relationship between master and slave toward a social solidarity that transcends mere legal obligation. This study argues that the rehabilitative principles in Deuteronomy 15:12-18, particularly the mandatory provision of resources upon release, offer an ethical paradigm relevant to contemporary issues of modern slavery, economic inequality, and the protection of migrant workers in present-day social contexts. Abstrak Kajian ini menganalisis Ulangan 15:12-18 melalui pendekatan tafsir sosial-historis untuk mengungkap dimensi keadilan sosial yang terkandung dalam regulasi perbudakan berbasis utang dalam masyarakat Israel kuno. Menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan studi literatur, kajian ini mengidentifikasi tiga prinsip teologis-sosial utama, yaitu tzedakah (keadilan distributif), hesed (kasih setia komunal), dan mishpat (ketertiban hukum) sebagai fondasi sistem pembebasan yang diatur dalam teks. Analisis linguistik terhadap kata kunci seperti "eved," "chofshi," dan "ha'aneik ta'anik” menunjukkan bahwa teks ini merancang ulang relasi kuasa antara majikan dan budak menuju solidaritas sosial yang melampaui kewajiban legal semata. Kajian ini berargumen bahwa prinsip rehabilitatif dalam Ulangan 15:12-18, khususnya kewajiban pemberian bekal pascapembebasan, menawarkan paradigma etis yang relevan bagi isu perbudakan modern, ketimpan…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Deuteronomy 15:12-18, modern slavery, social justice, social-historical interpretation, tzedakah, keadilan sosial, perbudakan modern, tafsir sosial-historis, Ulangan 15:12-18
  topic: keywords
creator: Karel Martinus Siahaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 93
ending page: 104
doi: 10.46929/hmwkcg81

Kecerdasan Buatan dan Disrupsi Otoritas Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen
type: item
description: The arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in Christian religious education (CRE) does not merely add a teaching device; it disrupts the teacher’s authority as the source and mediator of faith knowledge. This article aims to analyze, ethically and theologically, how this shift of authority occurs and how it ought to be addressed. Employing a critical-conceptual study of recent theological, ethical, and educational literature, the research argues that AI disruption exposes a mistaken reduction of CRE teaching to information transmission. The authority of the CRE teacher is essentially derivative, relational, formative, and incarnational, dimensions a machine cannot replace. Four ethical-theological tensions are mapped: relational dehumanization, epistemic distortion, the impossibility of algorithmic virtue formation, and digital inequality. As a way forward, the article proposes repositioning teacher authority from the sole information-giver to a steward of formation and a witness of faith, while situating AI as a subordinate instrument within a human-centered framework. Its contribution is an ethical framework for AI-based CRE that safeguards human dignity and theological integrity. Abstrak Kehadiran kecerdasan buatan (AI) generatif dalam ruang Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) tidak sekadar menambah perangkat ajar, melainkan juga mendisrupsi otoritas guru sebagai sumber dan mediator pengetahuan iman. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara etis-teologis bagaimana pergeseran otoritas tersebut terjadi dan bagaimana seharusnya meresponsnya. Menggunakan metode kajian konseptual-kritis terhadap literatur teologi, etika, dan pendidikan mutakhir, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa disrupsi AI menyingkapkan reduksi keliru terhadap pengajaran PAK menjadi sekadar transmisi informasi. Otoritas guru PAK pada hakikatnya bersifat derivatif, relasional, formatif, dan inkarnatif, dimensi yang tidak dapat digantikan oleh mesin. Empat tegangan etis-teologis dipetakan: …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: artificial intelligence; Christian religious education; faith formation; teacher authority; technology ethics; etika teknologi; kecerdasan buatan; otoritas guru; pendidikan agama Kristen; pembentukan iman
creator: Grace Margareta Clara
creator: Fereddy Siagian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 171
ending page: 182
doi: 10.46929/hv89cr83

Sintesis Mesianologi Yahudi dan Kristologi sebagai Evaluasi terhadap Pandangan Kristologi Kontemporer
type: item
description: The understanding of Christology in church history has developed in various forms, influenced by historical contexts and diverse interpretations of the figure of Jesus. This study aims to evaluate contemporary Christology by synthesizing Jewish messianic concepts and New Testament Christology. The method used is qualitative, with a literature review and content analysis of biblical texts, the Talmud, apocalyptic literature, and the Qumran manuscripts. This study affirms that Jesus Christ is the complete fulfillment of Messianic hope, both as the suffering Messiah and the reigning Messiah. The results of the study show that Christ unites all messianic figures: priest, prophet, king, and saving God. This synthesis leads to a complete and Bible-based understanding of Christology, as well as an evaluative framework for the fragmentation of Christ's understanding today. This study recommends a biblical synthesis approach as a theological foundation for developing a contextual and comprehensive understanding of Christology. Abstrak Pemahaman kristologi dalam sejarah gereja berkembang dalam berbagai bentuk, dipengaruhi oleh konteks historis dan tafsir yang beragam terhadap figur Yesus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemahaman kristologi kontemporer melalui sintesis antara konsep mesianologi Yahudi dan kristologi Perjanjian Baru. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi pustaka dan analisis isi atas teks-teks Alkitab, Talmud, literatur apokaliptik, serta naskah Qumran. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa Yesus Kristus adalah penggenapan menyeluruh dari harapan Mesianik, baik sebagai Mesias yang menderita maupun yang memerintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kristus menyatukan seluruh figur mesianik: Imam, Nabi, Raja, dan Tuhan yang menyelamatkan. Sintesis ini menuntun pada pemahaman kristologi yang utuh dan berbasis Alkitab, serta menjadi kerangka evaluatif terhadap fragmentasi pemahaman Kristus pada masa kini. Penelitian ini merekomenda…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: biblical synthesis, christology, contemporary christology, jewish messianism, messianic hope, harapan mesianis, kristologi, kristologi kontemporer, mesianologi Yahudi, sintesis biblis
  topic: keywords
creator: Daud Darmadi
creator: Munatar Kause
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 105
ending page: 120
doi: 10.46929/wyw60f27

Kasih Allah yang Menyelamatkan dalam Keadilan-Nya: Roma 5:8 dalam Bingkai Teologi Kovenan
type: item
description: This article examines the love and justice of God in Romans 5:8 within the framework of covenant theology. God’s love and justice are often juxtaposed as opposing or contradictory attributes. However, these two divine attributes are complementary and together provide a comprehensive understanding of God's nature. Romans 5:8 portrays God's love through the death of Christ for sinners. At the same time, the verse also affirms the justice of God as revealed in Christ’s death. From this perspective, the love and justice of God in Romans 5:8 can be examined within the covenantal framework. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study analyzes the love and justice of God in Romans 5:8 and interprets them through the lens of covenant theology. The author argues that understanding God’s love and justice in Romans 5:8 from a covenantal perspective has profound implications for Christian doctrine and for spiritual life and practice. This article contributes to the academic discourse by harmonizing the concepts of God’s love and justice within the doctrine of salvation. Abstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kasih dan keadilan Allah dalam Roma 5:8 dalam bingkai teologi kovenan. Kasih dan keadilan Allah seringkali disandingkan sebagai sesuatu yang bertentangan dan berlawanan. Namun, kasih dan keadilan Allah ini merupakan dua hal yang melengkapi pemahaman komprehensif mengenai Allah. Roma 5:8 melukiskan kasih Allah melalui kematian Kristus bagi orang berdosa. Di saat yang sama, Roma 5:8 juga memberikan penegasan mengenai keadilan Allah dalam kematian Kristus. Di satu sisi, kasih dan keadilan Allah dalam Roma 5:8 ini dapat ditinjau dalam kerangka teologi kovenan. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, penulis akan melihat kasih dan keadilan Allah dalam Roma 5:8 dan mengejawantahkannya melalui bingkai teologi kovenan. Penulis menegaskan bahwa kasih dan keadilan Allah dalam Roma 5:8 melalui perspektif kovenan memberikan implikasi yang mendalam bagi doktri…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: covenant theology; God's justice; God's love; Romans 5:8; keadilan Allah; kasih Allah; Roma 5:8; teologi kovenan
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Pesah Purwonugroho
creator: Didit Yuliantono Adi
creator: Daniel Octavianus
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-07
publication date: 2026-02-07
starting page: 344
ending page: 359
doi: 10.46929/064asy73